Diagnostic Performances of Non-Invasive Tests compared with Microscopy for Malaria Parasite Detection among Children in Nnewi, Southeast, Nigeria.

Authors

  • K. O. Obieze Department of Medical Microbiology/Parasitology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Trauma Center Oba and Nnewi, Nigeria
  • B. A. Ogolo Department of Nursing Services, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Trauma Center, Oba, Nigeria
  • D. A. Ezeagwuna Department of Medical Microbiology/Parasitology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Trauma Center Oba and Nnewi, Nigeria
  • G. L. Onwuachusi Dept. of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
  • S. I. Okwelogu Dept. of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
  • C. I. Eneanya Dept. of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
  • C. A. Ekwunife Dept. of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v45i2.12

Keywords:

malaria parasite, children, diagnostic test, non-invasive

Abstract

Current malaria diagnostic methods require blood collection, which may be associated with pain and the risk of transmitting blood-borne pathogens, and often create poor compliance when repeated sampling is needed. This study determined the potential use of non-invasive methods (saliva and urine specimens) as alternative sample sources for the diagnosis of malaria infection using real-time
polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) among children below five years in Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria. Biomarkers (18S rRNA) were captured and concentrated from saliva and urine samples using a magnetic bead-based method. DNA recovered from the saliva and urine samples was amplified using qPCR. The results revealed that, out of the 552 participants recruited in this study, the malaria
prevalence based on blood microscopy was 55.1%. The prevalence of malaria among children based on the qPCR of saliva specimens was 343 (62.1%), out of which 301 (87.7%) were true positives (TP) and 42 (12.3%) were false positives (FP) when compared with microscopy. Moreover, the prevalence of malaria among children based on qPCR of urine specimens was 269 (48.7%), of which 237
(88.1%) were true positive (TP) and 32 (11.9%) were false positive (FP). When the qPCR method was compared to thick blood film-microscopy as the reference standard, saliva qPCR had a sensitivity of 98.7%, specificity of 80.0%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 87.2%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 97.8%; urine qPCR had a sensitivity of 88.1%, specificity of 84.3%, PPV of 88.5%, and
NPV of 83.8%. Saliva and urine samples are therefore promising non-invasive approaches for malaria diagnosis, and their qPCR has a sensitivity comparable to that of blood microscopy, despite the limitations of cost and turnaround time. 

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Author Biography

D. A. Ezeagwuna, Department of Medical Microbiology/Parasitology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Trauma Center Oba and Nnewi, Nigeria

Dept. of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

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Published

2024-09-23

How to Cite

Obieze, K. O., Ogolo, B. A., Ezeagwuna, D. A., Onwuachusi, G. L., Okwelogu, S. I., Eneanya, C. I., & Ekwunife, C. A. (2024). Diagnostic Performances of Non-Invasive Tests compared with Microscopy for Malaria Parasite Detection among Children in Nnewi, Southeast, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 45(2), 359–366. https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v45i2.12

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