Diagnostic Performances of Non-Invasive Tests compared with Microscopy for Malaria Parasite Detection among Children in Nnewi, Southeast, Nigeria.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v45i2.12Keywords:
malaria parasite, children, diagnostic test, non-invasiveAbstract
Current malaria diagnostic methods require blood collection, which may be associated with pain and the risk of transmitting blood-borne pathogens, and often create poor compliance when repeated sampling is needed. This study determined the potential use of non-invasive methods (saliva and urine specimens) as alternative sample sources for the diagnosis of malaria infection using real-time
polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) among children below five years in Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria. Biomarkers (18S rRNA) were captured and concentrated from saliva and urine samples using a magnetic bead-based method. DNA recovered from the saliva and urine samples was amplified using qPCR. The results revealed that, out of the 552 participants recruited in this study, the malaria
prevalence based on blood microscopy was 55.1%. The prevalence of malaria among children based on the qPCR of saliva specimens was 343 (62.1%), out of which 301 (87.7%) were true positives (TP) and 42 (12.3%) were false positives (FP) when compared with microscopy. Moreover, the prevalence of malaria among children based on qPCR of urine specimens was 269 (48.7%), of which 237
(88.1%) were true positive (TP) and 32 (11.9%) were false positive (FP). When the qPCR method was compared to thick blood film-microscopy as the reference standard, saliva qPCR had a sensitivity of 98.7%, specificity of 80.0%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 87.2%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 97.8%; urine qPCR had a sensitivity of 88.1%, specificity of 84.3%, PPV of 88.5%, and
NPV of 83.8%. Saliva and urine samples are therefore promising non-invasive approaches for malaria diagnosis, and their qPCR has a sensitivity comparable to that of blood microscopy, despite the limitations of cost and turnaround time.
References
World Health Organization (2017). World Malaria Report, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565523
Ekwunife, C. A., Ozumba, N. A., Eneanya, C. I., & Nwaorgu, O. C. (2011). Malaria infection among Blood Donors in Onitsha Urban, Southeast, Nigeria. Sierra Leone Journal of Biomedical Research, 3(1): 21- 26. Doi: 10.4314/sljbr.v3i1.66647
Olusola, O., Oluwatoyin, A. O., Oyebode, A. T., Sunday, S. T., Taiwo, A. O., Adekunle, O. O., Oluyinka, O. O., & Oluwaseyi, A. A. (2013). Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum Parasitaemia and Its Correlation with Haematological Parameters among HIV-Positive Individuals in Nigeria. Journal of Tropical Medicine; 10: 6-10. doi: 10.1155/2014/161284
Noppadon, T., Chatnappa, D., Polrat, W., & Srivicha, K. (2009). Malaria diagnosis:Abrief review. Korean Journal of Parasitology, 47(2): 93-102. doi: 10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.93
Ogbolu, D. O., Terry Alli, O. A., Nassar, A. S., & Ajagbe, O. O. (2012). Evaluation of usefulness of polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of malaria in Nigeria. African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 13 (3): 126 – 134. Doi: 10.4314/ajcem.v13i3.1
Baker, J., McCarthy, J., Gatton, M., Kyle, D. E., Belizario, V., & Luchavez, J. (2005). Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) and its effect on the performance of PfHRP2-based rapid diagnostic tests. Journal of Infectious Diseases; 192:870–877. https://doi.org/10.1086/432010
Makler, M. T., Palmer, C. J., & Ager, A. L. (1998). A review of practical techniques for the diagnosis of malaria. Annal of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology; 92:419–433. DOI: 10.1080/00034989859401
Snounou, G., Viriyakosol, S., Zhu, X. P., Jarra, W., Pinheiro, L., do Rosario, V. E., Thaithong, S., & Brown, K. N. (2010). High sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction. Molecular Biochemistry and Parasitology, 61:315-320. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(93)90077-b
Mharakurwa, S., Simoloka, C., Thuma, P. E., Shiff, C. J. & Sullivan, D. J. (2006). PCR detection of Plasmodium falciparum in human urine and saliva samples. Malaria Journal, 5: 103-107. doi: 10.1186/1475- 2875-5-103
Nwakanma, D.C., Gomez-Escobar, N., Walther, M., Crozier, S., Dubovsky, F., Malkin, E., Locke, E. & Conway, D. J. (2009). Quantitative detection of Plasmodium falciparum DNA in saliva, blood and urine. Journal of Infectious Diseases; 199: 1567-1574. DOI: 10.1086/598856
Cohen J.A. (1960).Acoefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Education, Psychology and Measurement; 20: 37- 46. DOI:10.1177/001316446002000104
Rosenblatt, J. E., Reller, L. B., & Weinstein, M. P. (2009). Laboratory diagnosis of infections due to blood and tissue parasites, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 49(7): 1103–1108. https://doi.org/10.1086/605574
Moody,A. (2002). Rapid diagnostic tests for malaria parasites. Clinical Microbiology Review, 15: 66–78. doi: 10.1128/CMR.15.1.66-78.2002
Rubio, J. M., Benito,A., Berzosa, P. J., Roche, J., Puente, S., Subirats, M., Lopez-Velez, R., Garcia, L., & Alvar, J. (2001). Usefulness of seminested multiplex PCR in surveillance of imported malaria in Spain. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37: 3260–3264. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.37.10.3260-3264.1999
Chaudry, J. Z., Ahmed, S., Qureshi, T. Z, & Ali, N. (2012). Real-time polymerase chain reaction for the detection of malarial parasites. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 22 (2) 98–100. PMID: 22313646
Buppan, P., Putaporntip, C., Pattanawong, U., Seethamchai, S., & Jongwutiwes, S. (2010). Comparative detection of P. vivax and P. falciparum DNAin saliva and urine samples from symptomatic malaria patients in low endemic area. Malaria Journal, 9: 72. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-72
Pooe, O. J., Shonhai, A., & Mharakurwa, S. (2011). Optimization of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) based assay for the detection of malaria in human saliva samples. Malaria Journal, 52:38-39. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-9-S2-P38
Mfuh, K.O., Yunga, S.T., Esemu, L.F., Bekindaka, O.N., Yonga, J., Djontu, J.C., Mbakop, C.D., Taylor, D.W., Nerurkar, V. R., & Leke, R. G.F. (2017). Detection of Plasmodium falciparum DNAin saliva samples stored at room temperature: potential for a non-invasive saliva-based diagnostic test for malaria. Malaria Journal; 16: 434- 439. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-2084-5
Genton, B., Paget, S., Beck, H. P., Gibson, N., Alpers, M. P., & Hill, J. (1998). Diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum infection using ParaSight® -F test in blood and urine of Papua New Guinean Children. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 29: 35 – 40.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13546119
Oguonu, T., Shu, E., Ezeonwu, B.U., Lige, B., Derrick, A., Umeh, R. E., & Agbo, E. (2014). The performance evaluation of a urine malaria test (UMT) kit for the diagnosis of malaria in individuals with fever in south-east Nigeria: Cross-sectional analytical study. Malaria Journal, 13: 403-408. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-13-403
Olasehinde, G. I., Ajayi, A. A., Taiwo, S. O., Adekoye, B. T., & Adeyeba, O. A. (2010). Prevalence and Management of falciparum Malaria among Infants and Children in Ota, Ogun State, South-Western Nigeria. Tropical Medicine and Health, 33: 201-208. Doi: 10.4314/ajcem.v11i3.57773
Nwaorgu, O. C. & Orajaka, B. N. (2011). Prevalence of malaria among children 1-10 years old in communities in Awka North LGA, Anambra state, Southeast Nigeria. African Research Review, 5: 264-281. Doi: 10.4314/afrrev.v5i5.21
Ukoli, F. M. A. (1990). Introduction to Parasitology in Tropical Africa: Distinguishing features of the four species of malaria infecting man. John Wiley & Sons Text Flow Ltd, Ibadan, Nigeria. Pp 407-408.
Zhang, Y., Zhang, D., Li, W., Chen, J., Peng, Y., & Cao, W. (2003). A novel real-time quantitative PCR method using attached universal template probe. Nucleic Acids Research, 31(20): 123. doi: 10.1093/nar/gng123
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Nigerian Journal of Parasitology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
