Malaria Awareness and Prevalence among Individuals Suspected to have Uncomplicated Cases in Rural Southwest Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v45i2.17Keywords:
Plasmodium, Prevalence, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, MalariaAbstract
Malaria continues to be a public health concern in Nigeria. Factors that predispose individuals to malaria include environmental, socio-demographic, and climatic conditions, which may favour the development of malaria vectors. The incidence of malaria has been significantly reduced by several intervention methods. This study aimed to assess the awareness of febrile individuals attending State Hospital Iwo in Osun State, Nigeria regarding malaria. This study was conducted in 2022 from June to August. Two hundred and sixty-two individuals with signs and symptoms suggestive of malaria were included in this cross-sectional study. On the same slide, Giemsa-stained thin and thick blood films were prepared using approximately 2μL and 6μL of blood, respectively. A structured and tested
questionnaire was used to collect the participant data. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0. Of the 262 individuals tested, 23 (8.8%) were positive for malaria parasite infection. Loss of appetite and tiredness (35.9%, n = 94) were the major symptoms reported. Patients aged 0–5 and 11–15 years had the highest prevalence (30.0%) of malaria (P > 0.05). Knowledge about malaria and
malaria prevention comprised 90.8 % awareness, 56.5 % and 52.7 % ownership and usage of insecticide-treated nets, respectively, and 65.6 % of mosquitoes were vectors of malaria parasites. There were significant associations between the participants’ educational level and the causes of malaria, malaria transmission, and malaria prevention. The level of malaria prevalence and awareness in this
study necessitated regular studies to track changes and provide adequate health education to enlighten the community.
References
Taremwa, I. M., Ashaba, S., Adrama, H. O., Ayebazibwe, C., Omoding, D., Kemeza, I., Yatuba, J., Turuho, T., MacDonald, N. E. & Hilliard, R. (2017). Knowledge, attitude and behaviour towards the use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets among pregnant women and children in rural Southwestern Uganda. BMC Public Health, 17:794. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4824-4
Talipouo, A., Ngadjeu, C. S., Doumbe-Belisse, P., Djamouko-Djonkam, L., Sonhafouo-Chiana. N., Kopya. E., Bamou, R., Awono-Ambene, P., Woromogo, S., Kekeunou, S., Wondji, C. S. & AntonioNkondjio, C. (2019). Malaria prevention in the city of Yaoundé: knowledge and practices of urban dwellers. Malaria Journal, 18(1):167. doi: 10.1186/s12936-019-2799-6. Erratum in: Malaria Journal, 18(1):204. PMID: 31072344; PMCID: PMC6509831.
World Health Organisation (2023). World Malaria Report 2023. Geneva: World Health Organisation 2023. Licence: CC, BY-NC-SA3.0 IGO. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240086173 (Accessed Date 12th 2024)
National Malaria Elimination Programme (NMEP) [Nigeria], National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria], and ICF. (2022). Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey 2021 Final Report. Abuja, Nigeria, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: NMEP, NPC, and ICF. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/MIS41/MIS41.pdf Ayanbamiji et al: Malaria Awareness and Prevalence 420
(Accessed Date 6th May 2024)
Federal Republic of Nigeria (2014). National Malaria Strategic Plan 2014-2020. Roll Back Malaria 2014;1- 110.Available at: www.nmcp.gov.ng. (Accessed 21/05/2024)
Ngum, N. H., Fakeh, N. B., Lem,A. E. & Mahamat, O. (2023). Prevalence of malaria and associated clinical manifestations and myeloperoxidase amongst populations living in different altitudes of Mezam division, Northwest Region, Cameroon. Malaria Journal, 22(1):20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-022-04438-6 PMID: 36658587
Awosolu, O. B.,Yahaya, Z. S., Haziqah, M. T. F., Simon-Oke, I.A. & Fakunle, C. (2021).Across-sectional study of the prevalence, density, and risk factors associated with malaria transmission in urban communities of Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria. Heliyon, 7(1): e05975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05975 PMID:33521357
Eleazar, C., Emenuga, V. & Udoh, I. (2022). Factors affecting usage of insecticide treated nets for malaria control by pregnant women in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria. Africa Journal of Reproductive Health, 26 (1):76- 81. doi: 10.29063/ajrh2022/v26i1.8. PMID: 37585019.
Xu, J-w., Liao, Y-m., Liu, H., Nie, R-h. & Havumaki, J. (2014). Use of Bed Nets and Factors That Influence Bed Net Use among Jinuo Ethnic Minority in Southern China. PLoS ONE, 9(7): e103780. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103780
World Health Organisation (2018), World Malaria Report. World Health Organization Geneva, 2017, Nov. 2019, http://www.gbchealth.org/wp- content/uploads/2019/05/World-Malaria-Report. (Accessed 10/05/2- 24)
World Health Organisation (2012). Test. Treat and Track. Scaling up diagnostic testing treatment and surveillance for malaria [Internet]. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2012. http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/t3_brochure/es/. (Accessed 12/05/2-24)
Igbeneghu, C. & Odaibo, A. B. (2012). Plasmodium Species among the Inhabitants of Iwo Community, Southwestern Nigeria. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 7: 118-122.
Oladosu, O. O. & Adeniyi, A. V. (2023). A cross-sectional study of risk factors associated with malaria diseases in pregnant women attending a state hospital Iwo Osun State, Southwest Nigeria, Scientific African, Volume 20, e01668, ISSN 2468-2276, doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf. 2023.e01668
World Health Organisation (2009). Bench aids for malaria microscopy. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2009. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241547864. (Accessed 11/07/2024)
Tsegaye,A. T.,Ayele,A. & Birhanu, S. (2021). Prevalence and associated factors of malaria in children under the age of five years in Wogera District, Northwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 16(10): e0257944. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.025794
Belay, B., Gelana, T. & Gebresilassie, A. (2021). Malaria prevalence, knowledge, attitude, and practice among febrile patients attending Chagni Health Centre, Northwest Ethiopia:Across-sectional study. Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines, 7:20 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40794-021-00146-2
Bello, I. S., Olajubu, T. O., Osundiya, O. O., Salami, O. T., Ibrahim,A. O. &Ahmed,A.A. (2023). Malaria among the elderly in five communities of Osun East District, Southwest Nigeria: Prevalence and association with non-communicable diseases SAGE open medicine, 31:11: 20503121231164259. doi: 10.1177/20503121231164259. PMID: 37026104; PMCID: PMC10071164.
Erinle, B.A. & Bada, E. O. (2023). Prevalence of malaria infection amongst students of a Southwest Nigerian Federal University. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 15(01): 110–114.doi: 10.30574/gscarr.2023.15.1.0056
Oladosu, O. O.,Adedokun, V.A.,Adeniyi,A. V. & Oyibo, W.A. (2021). Performance Evaluation of Malaria HRP-2 Rapid Diagnostic Test among Febrile Patients with Malaria in Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria. International Journal of Tropical Diseases, 4:046. doi.org/10.23937/2643-461X/1710046
Ogolo, B. A., Urindwanayo, D., Obieze, K. O., Ogbuagu, C. N. & Ekwunife, C. A. (2015). The Prevalence of Malaria Infection Among Secondary School Students in Oba Idemili South Local Government Area, Anambra State Nigeria. South American Journal of Public Health, 3: 2
Okwuonu, E. S., Obiomalemoha, A. M., Ubaka, U. A., Eze, F. C., Mgboji, O. A., Okeke, O. A., Elijah, E. N., Isirue, A. M. C., Hinmikaiye, F. F., Ezeamii, P. C. & Nnanna, C. E. (2023). Prevalence of Malaria Parasites among Children from 1 – 15 Years of Age at Bishop Shanahan Hospital Nsukka Enugu State, Nigeria. South Asian Journal of Parasitology, 6(3): 135-146. SAJP.108638
Ibrahim, A. O., Agbesanwa, T. A., Aremu, S. K., Bello, I. S., Elegbede, O. T., Gabriel-Alayode, O. E., Ajetunmobi. O. A., Adewoye, K. R., Olanrewaju, T. M., Ariyibi, E. K., Omonijo, A., Sanni, T. A., Alabi, 421 Nigerian Journal of Parasitology A. K. & Olusuyi, K. (2023). Malaria infection and its association with socio-demographics, long lasting insecticide nets usage and haematological parameters among adolescent patients in rural Southwestern Nigeria. PLoS ONE 18(7): e0287723. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287723
Noland, G. S., Graves, P. M., Sallau, A., Eigege, A., Emukah, E., Patterson, A. E., Ajiji, J., Okorofor, I., Oji, O. U., Umar, M., Alphonsus, K., Damen, J., Ngondi. J., Ozaki, M., Cromwell, E., Obiezu J, Eneiramo, S., Okoro, C., McClintic-Doyle, R., Oresanya, O., Miri, E., Emerson, P. M. & Richards, F. O. Jr (2014). Malaria prevalence, anaemia and baseline intervention coverage prior to mass net distributions in Abia and Plateau States, Nigeria. BMC infectious diseases, 14:168. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-168. PMID: 24669881; PMCID: PMC3994282.
Oladele, O. V., Onuoha, S. C., Hamafyelto, H. S., Omisope, O., Fauziyya, A., Akindigh, M., Abdullahi, T., Ilu, M. I., & Ikeh, E. (2019). Prevalence of malaria infection among patients attending Murtala Muhammed Specialist Hospital Kano, Nigeria. African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 19(3):214–220.
Egbom, S. E., Ogidi, M., Nduka, F. O. & Nzeako, S. O. (2021). Malaria prevalence and its demographic determinants in Oyigbo LGA, River State, South Nigeria. Asian Journal of Biology, 12 (4): 26- 33.
Chilanga, E., Collin-Vézina, D., MacIntosh, H., Mitchell, C. & Cherney. K. (2020). Prevalence and determinants of malaria infection among children of local farmers in Central Malawi. Malaria Journal, 19, 308 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-020-03382-7
Nyasa, R. B., Fotabe, E. L. & Ndip, R. N. (2021). Trends in malaria prevalence and risk factors associated with the disease in Nkongho-mbeng; a typical rural setting in the equatorial rainforest of the Southwest Region of Cameroon. PLoS One, 2021 May 18; 16(5): e0251380. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251380. PMID: 34003847; PMCID: PMC8130964.
Dawaki, S., Al-Mekhlafi, H. M., Ithoi, I., Ibrahim, J., Atroosh, W. M., Abdusalam, A. M., Sady, H., Elyana, F. N.,Adamu,A. U.,Yelwa, S. I.,Ahmed,A.,AlAreeqi, M.A., Subramaniam, L. R., Nasr, N.A. & Lau, Y. (2016). Is Nigeria winning the battle against malaria? Prevalence, risk factors and KAP assessment among Hausa communities in Kano State. Malaria Journal, 15, 351 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-
-1394-3
Klinkenberg, E., McCall, P. J., Wilson, M. D., Amerasinghe, F. P. & Donnelly, M. J. (2008). Impact of urban agriculture on malaria vectors inAccra, Ghana. Malar. J, 7:151.
Oladosu, O. O. & Oyibo, W. A. (2012). Overdiagnosis and overtreatment of malaria in children that presented with fever in Lagos, Nigeria. ISRN Infectious Diseases; Volume 2012. doi:10.5402/2012/914675
Oyibo, W. A., Ezeigwe, N., Ntadom, G., Oladosu, O. O., Rainwater, K., O’Meara, W., Okpokoro, E. & Brieger, W. (2017). Multicenter Pivotal Clinical Trial of Urine Malaria Test for Rapid Diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 55:000–000.
https:// doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01431-16
Tesfay, K., Yohannes, M., Mardu, F., Berhe, B., & Negash, H. (2019). Assessment of community knowledge, practice, and determinants of malaria case households in the rural area of Raya Azebo district, Northern Ethiopia, 2017. PloS one, 14(10), e0222427. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222427
Nyavor, K. D., Kweku, M., Agbemafle, I., Takramah, W., Norman, I., Tarkang, E., & Binka, F. (2017). Assessing the ownership, usage and knowledge of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) in Malaria Prevention in the Hohoe Municipality, Ghana. The Pan African Medical Journal, 28, 67.
https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2017.28.67.9934
Shimaponda-Mataa, N. M., Tembo-Mwase, E., Gebreslasie, M. & Mukaratirwa, S. (2017). Knowledge, attitudes and practices in the control and prevention of malaria in four endemic provinces of Zambia, Southern African. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 32 (1): a67 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajid.v32i1.67
Yaya, S., Bishwajit, G., Ekholuenetale, M., Shah, V., Kadio, B., & Udenigwe, O. (2017). Knowledge of prevention, cause, symptom and practices of malaria among women in Burkina Faso. PloS one, 12(7), e0180508. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180508
Fuge, T. G., Ayanto, S. Y. & Gurmamo, F. L. (2015). Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice about malaria and ITNs utilization among pregnant women in Shashogo District, Southern Ethiopia. Malaria Journal, 14:235. doi: 10.1186/s12936-015-0755-7. PMID: 26040464; PMCID: PMC4475320.
Amoran, O. E., Fatugase, K. O., Fatugase, O. M., & Alausa, K. O. (2012). Impact of health education intervention on insecticide treated nets uptake among nursing mothers in rural communities in Nigeria. BMC Research Notes, 5, 444. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-5-444
Joshi, A. B., & Banjara, M. R. (2008). Malaria related knowledge, practices and behaviour of people in Ayanbamiji et al: Malaria Awareness and Prevalence 422 Nepal. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases, 45(1), 44–50.
Rakhshani, F., Ansari Moghadam, A. R., Alemi, R., & Moradi, A. (2003). Knowledge, perceptions and prevention of malaria among women in Sistan va Baluchestan, Islamic Republic of Iran. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 9(3), 248–256.
Tadesse, F., Fogarty, A.W. & Deressa, W. (2017). Prevalence and associated risk factors of malaria among adults in East Shewa Zone of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 18(1):25. doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-4577-0. Erratum in: BMC Public Health, 2017 Sep 22;17 (1):736. PMID:28716009; PMCID: PMC5513396.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Nigerian Journal of Parasitology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
