Evaluation of Onchocerciasis Using Seroprevalence in Four Selected Communities in Ivermectin-treated Local Government Areas of Kogi State, Nigeria.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v46i1.14Keywords:
IgG4 kit, Seroprevalence, Ivermectin, Onchocerciasis, Onchocerca volvulusAbstract
Onchocerciasis is a parasitic infection caused by Onchocerca volvulus and has a damaging effect on humans. Kogi State communities have been consistently treated with ivermectin for the past ten years. Hence a seroprevalence study of onchocerciasis was conducted in five communities (Ejegbo, Enokpoli, Igalagbo, Ohuhapa and Oke-Oba) across four local governments (Ankpa, Olamaboro, Okene and Yagba East of Kogi State in July 2019. The investigation was carried out using SD Bioline Onchocerciasis IgG4 kit to screen a total number of 736 participants across the five communities. Questionnaires were administered to elicit information such as age, sex, occupation and ivermectin compliance from the participants. Of the 736 participants screened in the four ivermectin-treated
LGAs, only one positive case was recorded (0.14%) which was found in the Igalagbo community with a seroprevalence of 0.68% (n=148). Of the 396 females screened, one (0.3%) was seropositive while the males (340) were seronegative. Age-wise, it was recorded in the (>50) years age group, and occupationally, the trading occupation seroprevalence was 0.72% (n=138). With regards to
compliance, individuals in the communities had a high compliance rate (>90%) with ivermectin treatment. In conclusion, our results suggest that the prevalence of onchocerciasis in these communities is low. Hence, a sustained mass drug administration of ivermectin by Community Directed Distributors (CDDs) in our endemic communities will eventually interrupt the transmission and the hope of
elimination will be achieved in our country and globally.
References
Adesina, F.P., Awosolu, O.B. & Olusi, T.A. (2017). Incidence of Onchocerciasis and Vector Knowledge among residents of some parts of Ondo State, Nigeria. Public Health Research 7 (5), 1 0 7 - 1 1 1. Doi:10.5923/j.phr.20170705.01.
Ugwuanyi, I. K., Eneanya, C. I., Nwaorgu, O. C., Aribodor, E. C., Mbanefo, P. U., Umeaneto, C. M. & Egbuche, C. N. (2015). Cytotaxonomic Identification of Simulium damnosum Complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Oji River Area of Enugu State. Nigerian Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 3(3):34-39. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorposID:37093014
World Health Organization(2017). Progress report on the elimination of human onchocerciasis, 2016–2017. Weekly Epidemiological Records, 92:681–94. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-wer9245
Noma, M., Zoure, H. G., Tekle, A. H., Enyong, P. A., Nwoke, B. E. & Remme, J. H. (2014). The geographic distribution of Onchocerciasis in the 20 participating countries of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control: (1) priority areas for ivermectin treatment. Parasites and Vectors, 7: 325. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-325
Ogbonna, E. C. & Ikani, O. R. (2020). Systematic Review on Onchocerciasis Infection in Nigeria in the Past Five Decades.International Journal of Medicine and Public Health, 10(1):1- https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/20220087804
Lakwo, T., Oguttu, D., Ukety, T., Post, R., & Bakajika, D. (2020). Onchocerciasis Elimination: Progress and Challenges. Research and reports in tropical medicine, 11, 81–95. https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S224364
Allison, G., Dunia, F., Michael, K., Eric, S., Lindsay, Y., Roger, P., Potochoziou, K., Meba, B., Ramkrishna, R., Kangi, A., Richard, G. G., Kosi, K., Peter, T. S., Tala, De Los Santos & Gonzalo, J. D. (2016). Analysis of agedependent trends in OV16 IgG4 seroprevalence to onchocerciasis. Parasites and Vectors, 9:338 doi: 10.1186/s1307-016- 1623-1. 21.
Surakat, O. A., Sam-Wobo, S. O., De Los Santos, T., Faulx, D., Golden, A., Ademolu, K., Yokobe, L., Adeleke, M.A., Bankole, S. O., Adekunle, O. N., Abinbola, W. A. & Mafiana, C. F.(2018). Seroprevalence of onchocerciasis in Ogun State, Nigeria after ten years of mass drug administration with ivermectin. Published Online:1 Nov 2018https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC-125608f72f
Okoye, I. C., Ubachukwu, P. O., Okeke, V., Obiezue, R. N. N. & Onyishi, G. C. (2008). Reassessment of Onchocerciasis Prevalence in Etteh, Nigeria, after a decade of Mass Mectizan Chemotherapeutic Intervention: Preliminary Report. Animal Research International, 5(1): 827-830. https://www.unn.edu.ng/wpcontent/uploads/2016/06/ARI-Volume-5-Number-1.pdf
Africa Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (2013). Report of Epidemiological Evaluation in Kwara and Kogi State, Nigeria (Kwara/Kogi CDTI project). https://files.givewell.org/files/DWDA%202009/Sightsavers/African_Programme_for_Onchocerciasis_Control_Rep
ort_of_Ep
Kogi State A.P.O.C. Project (NGKG2), second-year Technical Report on Community Directed Treatment with Ivermectin (C.D.T.I). Implementation in Kogi State. Twelve Months (End of Year) Report. 1999. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/346699
Maria, H., Affiong, I. & Yemi, F. (2005). Kogi State APOC Phase II Impact Assessment Study. Dermatology Report.
https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/375227
Umeh, R. E., Mahmoud, A. O., Hagan, M., Wilson, M., Okoye, O. I., Asana, U., Bintwum, R.,Ogbu-Peace, P., Elhassan, E., Yameogo, L., Braide, E. I. & Seketeli, A. (2010). Prevalence and distribution of ocular onchocerciasis in three ecological zones in Nigeria. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Dec;39(4):267-2 75. PMID: 21735992.
https://openurl.ebsco.com/EPDB%3Agcd%3A12%3A4164220/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aplink%3Acrawler&id=ebsco
%3Agcd%3A77597313&link_origin=www.google.com
Odo, G., Agwu, E.J., Ekeh, F., Ekechukwu, E., Ezea, C. & Akobe, Na. (2016). Onchocerciasis along Anambra River System of Kogi State, North Central Nigeria, Medicine Transylvanian. Review volume 24.
Nyior, A. I. (2013). APOC Report of Epidemiological Evaluation of Onchocerciasis in Kwara and Kogi State, Nigeria. Available: https://www.givewell.org.
Omowotowo, B. I., Ezeoke, U. E., Ajuba, M. O., Ndu, A. C., Okafor, O. C., Meka, I. A. & Eyisi, I. G.(2017). The role of health education intervention towards improving knowledge, attitude and practice of Onchocerciasis in Enugu State, Southern Nigeria. Global Journal of Health Science, 9(9): 145-157. https://www.google.com/search?q=Omowotowo%2C+B.I.%2C+Ezeoke%2C+U.E.%2C+Ajuba%2C+M.O.%2C+N
du%2C+A.C.%2C+Okafo
Otabil, K. B., Gyasi, S. F., Awuah, E., Obeng-Ofori, D., Atta-Nyarko, R. J., Andoh, D., Conduah, B., Agbenyikey, L., Aseidu, P., Ankrah, C. B., Nuhu, A. & Schallig, H. D. F. H. (2019). Prevalence of onchocerciasis and associated clinical manifestations in selected hypoendemic communities in Ghana following long-term administration of ivermectin. Boston Medical Center infectious diseases, 19(1):431. BioMed Central. ISSN 1471-2334. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31101085/
Cotton, J.A., Bennuru, S., Grote, A., Harsha, B., Tracy, A., Beech, R., Doyle, R.S., Dunn, M., HotoppDunning, C.J., Holroyd, N., Kikuchi, T., Lambert, O., Mhashikar, A., Mutowo, P., Nursimulu, N., Ribeiro, C.M.J., Rogers, B. M., Stanley, E., Swapna, S. L., Tsai, J. I., Unnasch, R. T., Voronin, D., Parkinson, J., Nutman, B. T., Ghedin, E., Berriman, M. & Lustigman, S. (2016). The genome of Onchocerca volvulus, the agent of river blindness. Nature Microbiology, 2:16216. Doi: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.
World Health Organization (2018). Retrieved online from http://www.whoint/.news-om/factsheets/ detail/onchocerciasis on 28th August.
Ozovehe, L. O., Abdulkadir, M. K. & Rabiu, A. I. (2018). Assessments of Onchocerca volvulus infection in humans and black flies and onchocerciasis response to ivermectin among villagers around Gurara Dam, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The International Journal of Science and Technology, 6(3) 35-39. https://www.internationaljournalcorner.com/index.php/theijst/article/view/129558

Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Nigerian Journal of Parasitology

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.