Isolation of the active ingredients of antimalarial activity of the stem bark of Pseudocedrela kotschyi (Dry zone cedar)
https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v44i1.9
Keywords:
Pseudocedrela kotschyi, Antimalarial compounds, Active ingredients, IsolationAbstract
Natural products, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts provide unlimited opportunities for new drug discoveries because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. This study was carried out to isolate the active ingredients and determine the antimalarial activity of fractions of Pseudocedrela kotschyi stem bark following a scientific report of the antimalarial activity of crude extract of the plant material.Atotal of seven different fractions were obtained from 12g of the ethyl acetate crude extract using the flash chromatography method. GC-MS analysis of each of the seven ethyl acetate fractions was done and the identification of components present was based on a direct a comparison of the similarity index, retention times and mass spectral data with those for standard compounds. The compound prediction is based on NIST 05 Spectral library search programme. LD50 of 5 out of 7 fractions obtained was carried out using 45 mice of both sexes weighing 17-34g. The antimalarial (suppressive and curative) properties were evaluated in 40 mice in 3 different groups using NK 65 Plasmodium berghei berghei for each fraction. The plant treatments were compared against chloroquine and dimethyl sulfoxide. Results of GC-MS analysis of the seven ethyl acetate fractions of the plant extract showed the presence of forty-four different compounds, of which 3, 5-di-tert-butylphenol have been previously reported to have antimalarial properties. Acute toxicity (LD50) of fractions F1-4, F8, F9, F10-11, and F12-19 were 450mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 450mg/kg, 200mg/kg, and 45mg/kg respectively. All 7 fractions exhibited antimalarial activity. Remarkably, fractions F8 and F6-7 showed significant antimalarial activities for both suppressive and curative tests. These findings may benefit the antimalarial drug search in the current public health concerns of malaria disease.
References
World Health Organization (2022). World malaria report 2021. https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/detail/malaria (Accessed 16/08/2022)
Singh, V., Pande, P. C., and Jain, D. K. (2006). A Text of Botany: Angiosperms. Rajsons Printers New Delhi India. Pp 1-25, 40-42, 104-107, 161, 229.
World Health Organization (2010). World malaria report 2010. Geneva, Switzerland: Available at http://www.who.int/malaria/world_malaria
_report_2010/en/index.html.
Newton, P. and White, N. J. (1999). Malaria: new developments in treatment and prevention. Annual Review of Medicine, 50: 179-192.
Dalziel, J. M. (1936). The useful plants of West Tropical Africa. Crown Agents for Oversea Government and Administration. Pp 328.
Keay, R. W. J., Onochie, C. F. A. and Stanfield, D. P. (1964). Nigerian trees. Nigerian National Press Ltd.Apapa. Pp 266- 268.
Dawet, A., Yakubu, D. P., Wannang, N. N. and Mwansat, G. S. (2014). In-vivo Antimalarial activity of stem bark of dry zone cedar Pseudocedrela kotschyi (Meliaceae) in mice. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4(3): 342-352.
Georgewill, O. U., and Georgewill, A. O. (2009). Effects of extract of Pseudocedrela kotschyi on blood glucose concentration of
Alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Eastern Journal of Medicine, 14(1): 17-19.
Otimenyin, S. O., Uguru, M. O., and Atang, B. L. (2004). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Ficus thonningii and Pseudocedrela kotschyi extracts. Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 3 (1): 82-85.
Ogundiya, M. O., Okunade, M. B. and Kolapo, A. I. (2006). Antimicrobial activities of some Nigerian chewing sticks. Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 10: 265-271.
Asase, A., Kokubun, T., Grayer, R. J., Kite, G. Sigmmonds, M. S. J., Oteng Yeboah,A.A. and Odamtten, G. T. (2008). Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants from Ghana: Cassia sieberiana, Haematostaphis barteri, Mitragyna intermis and Pseudocedrela
kotschyi. Phytotherapy Research, 22(8): 1013–1016.https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.239 2.
Adeniyi, C. B. A., Odumosu, B. T., Ayelaagbe, O. O. and Kolude, B. (2010). In-vitro antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts of Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides and Pseudocedrela kotschyi. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 13: 61-68.
Ayo, R. G.,Audu, O. T., Ndukwe, G. I. and Ogunshola, A. M. (2010). Antimicrobial activity of extracts of leaves of Pseudocedrela kotschyi (Schweinf.) Harms. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9 (45): 7733-7737.
Fapohunda, S. O., Akintewe, T., Olarinmoye, A., and Ezekiel, and C. N. (2009). Anti-afflatoxigenic potentials of two Nigerian herbs on albino rats. Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences, 3(9), 81-90.
Dawet, A., Yakubu, D. P. and Igwebike, E. A. (2011). Trypanocidal activity and haematoxicity of Pseudocedrela kotschyi Harms (Meliaceae) ethanolic stem bark extract in Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected rats. Biological and Environmental Sciences for the Tropics, 8 (1): 137-142.
Emaruk, E., and Deogracious, O. (2006). Ascaricidal activity of some medicinal plants used by the Karimogong: A nomadic pastoralist community in Uganda. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 5(9): 724- 728.
Kassim, O. O., Copeland, R. L., Kenguele, H. M., Nekhai, S., Ako-nai, K. A. and Kanaan, Y. M. (2015). Antiproliferative activities of Fagara xanthoxyloides and Pseudocedrela kotschyi against prostate cancer cell lines. Anticancer Research, 35(3): 1453–1458.
Tona, L., Mesia, K., Ngimbi, N. P., Chrimwami, B., Okond’ Ahoka, Cimanga, K., Debroyne, T., Apers, S., Hermans, N., Totte, J., Pieters, L. and
Vlietinck, A. J. (2001). In-vivo antimalarial activity of Cassia occidentalis, Morinda morindoides and Phyllanthus niruri. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 95(1): 47-57.
Akah, P.A., Onyirioha, C.A., Nworu, C. S. and Ndu, O. O. (2009). Gastro-protective effects of the leaf extract and fractions of Fleurya aestuans L. (Urticaceae). Internal Journal of Health Research, 2(1): 65-73.
Mohammed, E. A. H., Mohammed, A. J., Asmawi, M. Z., Sadikun, A., Ebrika, O. S. and Yam, M. F. (2011). Antihyperglycemic effect of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth leaves extract and its bioassay-guided fractions. Molecules, 16: 3787-3801.
Still, W. C., Kahn, M., and Mitra, A. (1978). Rapid chromatographic technique for preparative separations with moderate resolutions. Journal of organic chemistry, 43: 2.
Builders, M., Wannang, N., and Aguiyi, J. (2011). Antiplasmodial activities of Parkia biglobosa leaves: in vivo and in vitro studies. Annals of Biological Research, 2 (4): 8- 20.
Mesia, G. K., Penge, G. L., Lusakibanza, O., Nanga, M., Cimanga, T. M., Apers, R. K., Van miert, S., Totte, S., Pieters, J., and Vlietinck, A. J. (2005). Anti-malarial activities and toxicities of three plants used as traditional remedies for malaria in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Croton mubango, Nauclea pobeguinii and Pyrenacantha staudtii. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 99(4): 345- 357.
Ramazani, A., Zakeri, S., Sardari, S., Khodakarim, N. and Djadid, N. D. (2010). In vitro and in vivo anti-malarial activity of Boerhavia elegans and Solanum surattense. Malaria Journal, 9: 124. doi: 10.1186/1475- 2875-9-124.
Iwalokun, B. A. (2008). Enhanced antimalarial. Effects of chloroquine by aqueous Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract in mice infected with chloroquine resistant and sensitive Plasmodium berghei strains. African Health Sciences, 8 (1): 25-35.
Mohammad, A. H., Wafa, A. S., Afaf, M. W., Qasim, A. A. and Jamal, N. A. (2013). Identification and characterization of chemical compounds in different crude extracts from leaves of Omani neem. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 7(4): 181– 188.
Landry, G. B. G., Brice, K. A., Kevin, C., Marc, L., Akhanovna, M. J. and Yves-Alain, B. (2018). Bio-guided anticariogenic and phytochemical valorization of Guiera senegalensis and Pseudocedrela kotschyi stem extracts. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 12(28): 500-507
Cimanga, R. K., Tona, G. L., Kambu, O. K., Mesia, G. K., Muyembe, J. J. T.,Apers, S., Pieters, L. and Vlietinck, A. J. (2008). Antimalarial activity of some extracts and isolated constituents from Morinda morindoides leaves. Journal of Natural Remedies, 8(2), 191 – 202.
Umar, M. B., Ogbadoyi, E. O., Ilumi, J. Y., Kabiru, A. Y., Maina, H. I. and Ibikunle G. M. (2012). In vivo Antiplasmodial efficacy of fractions of crude methanolic root extract of Morinda lucida. International Journal of Drug Research and Technology, 2 (7), 486-491.
Mary, A. P., John, A. L. Y., Bakela, N., Paul, L., and Dennis, S. (2012). MK-4815, a potential new oral agent for treatment of malaria. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 56(5): 2414-2419.
Bashir, A., Ibrar, K., Shumaila, B., and Sadiq, A. (2012). Chemical composition and antifungal, phytotoxic, brine shrimp cytotoxicity, insecticidal, and antibacterial activities of the essential oils of Acacia modesta. Journal of Medicinal plants Research, 6(31): 4653-4659.
Ozdemir, G., Karabay, N. U., Dalay, M. C. and Pazarbasi, B. (2004). Antibacterial activity of volatile component and various extracts of Spirulina platensis. Journal of Phytotherapy Research, 18(9): 744-757.
Hay,A. E., Ioset, J. R.,Ahua, K. M., Diallo, D., Brun, R. and Hostettmenn, K. (2007). Limonoid orthoacetates and antiprotozoal compounds from the roots of Pseudocedrela kotschyi. Journal of Natural Product, 70(1): 9-13.
Mambou, C. S., Nono, R. N., Chouna, J.R., Jean-de-Dieu Tamokou, J., Pépin Nkeng-Efouet-Alango, P. and Sewald, N. (2018). Antibacterial secotirucallane triterpenes from the stem bark of Pseudo cedrelakotschyi. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2017-0207
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Nigerian Journal of Parasitology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
