Status of urogenital schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis co-infection among pupils in a rural setting of Ebonyi State, Nigeria
http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v41i1.11
Keywords:
Schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthiaasis, co-infection, chemotherapy, Ebonyi State.Abstract
The study investigated persistence of urinary schistosomiasis and geohelminthiasis during MDA of anthelminthics. Information on supply and utilization of the anthelminthics from 2014 to 2017 were obtained from Ebonyi State Ministry of Health, Abakaliki, and from Ezza North LGA headquarters respectively. Urine and stool specimens were collected from 200 pupils from selected schools in Ezza North LGA. The specimens were examined using standard parasitological techniques. A total of 389,064 and 725,443 tablets of praziquantel and albendazole respectively were supplied to the study-area from 2014 to 2017. The percentage utilization of the regimen was 57.03% and 63.88% respectively. Age-dependent prevalence of schistosomiasis among the pupils indicated a total of 10.5%. Age group 9-11 years had least prevalence (6.15%) in comparison with others, with significant difference (p=0.044). Though the males were infected more than the females (11.96% vs 9.26%), no significant difference (p=0.535) was observed in prevalence of S. haematobium infections. Gender-related prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis indicated no significant difference (p=0.224). Infection prevalence with respect to taxa of geohelminths indicated that hookworms had higher prevalence (24.50%) than A. lumbricoides (5%) and Trichuris trichiura (2.5%). Prevalence of the helminths were still high, despite appreciable levels of supply and utilization of the regimens. Surveillance for drug resistance is recommended.
References
Noble, E. R. and Glem, A. N. 1982. Biology of Animal Parasites. V (Edt). Lea and Febiger, United States of America.
Amuta, E. U. and Houmsou, R. S. 2014. Prevalence, intensity of infection and risk factors of urinary schistosomiasis in pre-school and school- age children in Guma Local Government Area, Nigeria. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 34-39.
Hotez, P. J. and Kamath, A. 2009. Neglected tropical diseases in sub-Sahara Africa: Review of their prevalence, distribution and disease burden. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 3(8): e412. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pnted0000412PMTD
Uchendu, O., Oladoyin, V., Idowu, M., Adeyera, O., Olabisi, O., Oluwatosin, O. and Leigh, G. 2017. Urinary schistosomiasis among vulnerable children in a rehabilitation home in Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria. BMC Infectious Diseases, 17: 487. DOI 10.1186/S12879-017- 2591-6.
World Health Organization. 2012. Global Report for Research on Infectious Diseases of Poverty. Geneva: World Health Organization onbehalf of the special programme for research and training in tropical diseases.
World Health Organization. 2015. Water sanitation and hygiene for accelerating and sustaining progress on Neglected Tropical Diseases. A Global Strategy 2015-2020.
World Health Organization. 2015. Investing to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases. Third WHO Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases, Geneva.
Brooker, S., Clements, A.C.A. and Bundy, D. A.P. 2006. Global epidemiology, ecology and control of soiltransmitted helminth infections. Advanced Parasitology, 62:221-261.
World Health Organization. 2011. Helminth control in school-age children: A guide for managers of control programmes. Second Edition.
Bishop, H. G. 2017. Menance of schistosomiasis: Its true neglected nature in Nigeria. MOJ Public Health, 6(5): 00186.DOI:10.15406/mojph.2017. 06.00186.
Onwe, S., O. Ani, O. C., Uhuo, C. A., Onwe, C. S. and Odikamnoro, O. O. 2016. Studies of urinary schistosomiasis amongst school age children in Ebnoyi North senatorial district of Ebonyi State. International Journal of Tropical Disease and Health, 18(3): 1-7.
Uneke, C. and Egede, M. 2008. Impact of urinary schistosomiasis on nutritional status of school children in South Eastern Nigeria. The Internet Journal of Health, 9(1).
Houmsou, R. S., Panda, S. M., Elkanah, S. O., Garba L.C., Wama B. E., Amuta E. U. and Kela S. L. 2016. Cross-sectional study and spatial distribution of schistosomiasis among children in North Eastern Nigeria. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Bios Medicine, 6(6): 477-484.
Cheesbrough, M. 2005. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. Part I. Low Price Edition. Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom.
Potters, I., Gillet, P. and Jacobs, J. 2009. Human Parasitology in Tropical Settings: Practical Notes. Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp .
Ash, L. R. and Orihel T. C. 2007. Atlas of Human Parasitology. 5th Edition. American Society for Clinical Pathology. Press, Chicago, IL.
Ash, L. R. and Orihel T. C. 2012. Atlas of Human Parasitology. 5th Edition. American Society for Clinical Pathology, Press, Chicago, IL.
Elom, M. O., Alo, M. N., Ugah, U. I. and Usanga, V. U. 2015. Distribution and utilization of ivermectin (mectizan): A chemotherapeutic approach to the control of onchocerciasis in old Ohaozara LGA, Ebonyi State, Eastern Nigeria. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 45(3): 663-670.
Uneke, C., Ugwoke-Adibuah, S., Nwakpu, K. and Ngwu, B. 2009. An assessment of Schistosoma haematobium infection and urinary tract bacterial infection among school children in rural Eastern Nigeria. The Internet Journal of Laboratory Medicine, 4(1): 1-6.
Nwosu, D. C., Obeagu, E. I., Ozims, S. J., Ezeama, M. C. and Uduji, H. I. 2015. Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis infection among primary school pupils in Ezza-North LGA of Ebonyi State. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 4(5): 1151-1157.
Elom, M. O., Ezeruigbo, C. F. S., Nworie, A., Ugah, U, I., Igwe, C. and Okeh, E. N. 2018. Geohelminthiasis among children from three rural primary schools in Ebonyi State, Nigeria: Appraisal of knowledge, attitude and practices. IDOSR Journal of Science and Technology, 3(1): 9-17.
Ugochukwu, D. O., Onwuliri, C. O. E., Osuala, F. O. U., Dozie, I. N. S., Opara, F. N. and Nwenyi, U. C. 2013. Endemicity of schistosomiasis in some parts of Anambra State, Nigeria. Journal of Medical Laboratory and Diagnosis, 4(5): 54-61.
Emejulu, A. C., Alabaronye, F. F., Ezenwaji, H. M. and Okafor, F. C. 2014. Investigation into the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in Agulu Lake Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. Journal of Helminthology, 68: 119-123.
Osai, O. P., Dankolil, R., Nwodo, C., Tukur, D., Nsubuga, P., Ogbuabor, D., Osaeloka, E., Abonyi, G., Ezeanolue, E., Nguku, P., Nwagbo, D., Idris, S. and Eze, G. 2014. Bacteriuria and urinary schistosomiasis in primary school children in rural communities in Enugu State, Nigeria 2012. Pan African Medical Journal, 18(1): 15.
Ivoke, N., Ivoke, O. N., Nwani, C. D., Ekeh, F. N., Asogwa, C. N., Atama, C. I. and Eyo, J. E. 2014. Prevalence and transmission dynamics of Schistosoma haematobium infection in a rural community of South-Western Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Tropical Biomedicine, 31(1): 1-12.
Ivoke, N. 2007. Coprological survey of geohelminth infections among school children in rural Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Animal Research International, 4(2): 653-661.
Nwoke, E. U., Ibiam, G. A., Odikamnoro, O. O., Umah, O. V., Ariom, O. T. and Orji, I. 2013. Examination of soil samples for incidence of geohelminth parasites in Ebonyi North Central Area of Ebonyi State, South East of Nigeria. Archives of Applied Science Research, 5(6): 41-48.
Odinaka, K. K., Nwolisa, E. C., Mbanefo, F., Iheakaram, A. C. and Okolo, S. 2015. Prevalence and pattern of soil-transmitted helminth infection among primary school children in a rural community in Imo State, Nigeria. Journal of Tropical Medicine, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1155/ 2015/349439.
Chinenye, G. N., Eze, N. C. and Nduka, F. O. 2018. Geohelminth infections and associated risk factors among children living in selected shanty (Batcher) settlements in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria. International Journal of Tropical Disease and Health, 29(1): 1-8.
Dahal, C., Katwal, P., Thapa, A., Sharma, D. and Khadka, R. 2019. Intestinal parasitic infection among school children of Khatmandu, Nepal. Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology, 5(1).
Osazuwa, E., Ayo, O. M. and Imade, P. 2011. A significant association between intestinal helminth infection and anaemia burden in children in rural communities in Edo State, Nigeria. North American Journal of Medical Sciences, 3(1): 30-34.
Dimejesi, I. B., Umeora, O. U. and Eqwuatu, V. E. 2014. Prevalence and pattern of soil-transmitted helminthiasis among pregnant women in a tertiary health facility, South Eastern Nigeria. African Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 13: 56-16.
Afiukwa, F. N., Nwele, D. E., Uguru, O. E., Ibiam, G. A., Onwe, C. S., Ikpo, A. U., Agumah, N. B. and Odoemena, O. F. 2019. Transmission dysnamics of urogenital schistosomiasis in the rural community of Ebonyi State South Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Parasitology Research, http://doi.org/10.1155/2019/ 7596069.
Salawu, A. S., Asaolu, S. O. and Sowemimo, O. A. 2014. Co-infection with schistosoma haematobium and soil-transmitted helminth among chool-age children in Saki, Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, 6(12): 417-423.
Morris, K. K. 2010. Time to overcome the neglect of neglected tropical diseases. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 10: 820-821.
Adie, H. A., Oyo-Ita, A., Okon, O. E., Arong, G. A., Atting, I. A., Braide, E. I., Nebe, O., Emanghe, U. E. and Out, A. A. 2015. Evaluation of intensity of urinary schistosomiasis in Biase and Yakurr Local Government Areas of Cross River State, Nigeria after two years of integrated control measures. Research Journal of Parasitology, 10: 58-65.
Boye, A., Agbemator, V. K., Mate-siakwa, P. and EssienBaido, S. 2016. Schistosoma haematobium co-infection with soil transmitted helminth: prevalence and risk factors from two communities in the central region of Ghana. International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research, 5(2): 87-100.
Aribodor, D. N., Bassey, S. A., Yoonuan, T., Sam-Wobo, S. O., Aribodor, O. B. and Ugwuanyi, I. K. 2019. Analysis of schistosomiasis and soil- transmitted helminth mixed infections among pupils in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for control. Infection, Disease and Health, 24(2): 98- 106.
Hawdson, J. M. 2014. Controlling soil-transmitted helminths: Time to think inside the box. Journal of Parasitology, 100(2): 166-188
Matamoros, G., Rueda, M. M., Rodriguez, C., Gabrie, J. A., Canales, M., Fontecha, G. and Sanchez, A. 2019. High endemicity of soil-transmitted helminthes in a population frequently exposed to Albendazole but no evidence of antiparasitic resistance. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, 4: 73; doi:10.3390/ tropicalmed4020073.
Jia, T. W., Melville, S., Utzinger, J., King, C. H. and Zhou, X. N. 2012. Soil-transmitted helminth re-infection after drug treatment: A systematic review and metaanalysis. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 6: e1621.
Flohr, C., Tuyen, L. N., Lewis, S., Minh, T. T., Campbell, J., Britton, J., Williams, H., Hien, T., Farrar, J. and Quinnel, R. J. 2007. Low efficacy of mebendazole against hookworm in Vietnam: Two randomized controlled trials. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 76: 732- 736.
Humphries, D., Mosites, E., Otchere, J., Twum, W. A., Woo, L., Jones-Sanpei, H., Harrison, L. M., Bungiro, R. D., Benham-Pyle, B., Bimi, L., Edoh, D., Bosompem, K., Wilson, M. and Capello, M. 2011. Epidemiology of hookworm infection in Kintampo North municipality, Ghana: patterns of malaria-co-infection, anaemia, and albendazole treatment failure. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 84: 792-800.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Nigerian Journal of Parasitology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
