Co-infections of Malaria and Hepatitis B among Pregnant Women in Igbo-Eze North LGA of Enugu State, Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v45i1.21%20Keywords:
Expectant mothers, Hepatitis B virus, Malaria, Prevalence, PCVAbstract
Acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) and malaria infections pose serious health risks to the general population and may worsen victims' physical and financial well-being. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of HBV and malaria co-infections during LGA among expectant mothers. This study used a cross-sectional, prospective design. Blood samples were collected from both pregnant and non-pregnant women for parasitological and serological examinations in the study area. This was performed to compare the severity of infections between pregnant and non-pregnant women, as pregnant women are more susceptible to infections. The study included 50 women who attended antenatal care at the time of this project and 10 non-pregnant women who came to the hospitals for check-ups. Samples of people aged 18 to 52 years were collected. Age groups of 18-28 and 40-50 years had the greatest 30(50%) and lowest 8(13%) populations of women screened for malaria and hepatitis B co-infection, respectively. The 1st and 3rd trimesters were followed by the 2nd trimester, which had the highest prevalence. Only the second trimester had a 2% prevalence rate of hepatitis B. Farmers were the group most likely to contract malaria (92%). The percentage of government employees who had malaria and hepatitis B was the highest
(20%), followed by traders (5%). Ogrute, the seat of the Local Government had a high rate of malaria infection despite having several medical facilities and less farming activities. Olido (25%), followed by Ogrute (14 point 3%), had the highest rate of co-infection with hepatitis B and malaria. The PCV ranges of 25–27(100%) and 28–30(100%) had the highest prevalence of malaria. This study shows how persistent malaria and hepatitis B are also associated with decreased packed cell volume (PCV) in pregnant women.
References
Agomo, C. O., Oyibo, W. A., Anorlu, R. I. and Agomo, P. U. (2009). Prevalence of malaria in pregnant women in Lagos, Southwestern Nigeria. Korean Journal of Parasitology, 47(2): 179-183. doi:10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.179.
Idowu, O., Mafiana, C. F. and Sotiloye, S.(2006). Malaria among pregnant women in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Tanzania Health Research Bulletin, 8(1): 28 - 31. DOI:10.4314/thrb.v8i1.14267.
World Health Organization (2012). World malaria report factsheet www.who.int/malaria/media/worldmalaria-report-2012/en/, Accessed on May 12th, 2018.
World Health Organization (2013). World malaria report fact sheet. Available at: www.who.int/malaria/publication/worldmalariareport-2013/en/, Accessed on April 20th, 2018.
Neboh, E., Maduka, I. C., Mamah, E., Ejize, F. E., Ufelle, S. and Ekwonwa, K.(2010). Serum protein level and hepatitis B surface antigen in malaria infection.European Journal of Scientific Research, 39(4):543-547. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234079348_Serum_Protein_Level_and_Hepatitis_B_Surface_Antigen_in_Malaria_Infection.
Kakkilaya, B. S. (2009). Malaria and Pregnancy. Available at: http://www.malariasite.com, Accessed on 7th May 2018.
Okwa, O. O. (2003). The status of malaria among pregnant women: a study in Lagos, Nigeria. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 7(3): 77–83. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15055150/.
Maddrey W. C. (2000). Hepatitis B: an important public health issue. Journal of Medical Virology, 61(3), 362–366. https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-9071(200007)61:3<362::aid-jmv14>3.0.co;2-i.
Alo O, Okwori, E. and Audu, F. (2009). Seroprevalence of hepatitis B surfaceantigen among prospective blood donors in an urban area of Benue State. Internet Haematology,5(2): 2-4. https://ispub.com/IJHE/5/2/3040.
Uneke, C., Ogbu, O, Inyama P, Anyanwu G, Njoku M, and Idoko J. (2005).Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen among blood donors and human immunodeficiency virus infected patients in Jos, Nigeria. Memorials do Institute Oswaldo Cruz, 100: 13-16. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074 -02762005000100002.
Tong, S., Kim, K., Chante, C., Wands, J. and Li, J. (2005). Hepatitis B Virus, the antigen variants. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 2: 2-7.
doi:10.7150/ijms.2.2.
Sirisena, N., Njoku, M., Idoko, J.,Isamade, E., Barau, C. and Jelpe, D. (2002). Carriage rate of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in an urban community in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. NigerianPostgraduate Medical Journal, 9: 7-10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11932753/text=Carriage%20rates%20in%20relation%20to,groups%20that%20are%20at%20risk.
Olokoba, A., Salawu, F., Danburam, A., Desalu, O., Olokoba, L., Wahab, K., Badung, L., Tidi, S., Midala, J.,Aderibigbe, S., Abdulrahman, M.,
Babalola, O. and Abdukkarim, A. (2009). Viral hepatitides in voluntary blood donors in Yola, Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific Research, 31(3): 329-334. file:///C:/Users/user-1/Downloads/ViralHepatitidesinVoluntaryBloodDonorsinYolaNigeria.pdf.
Umeane to, P. U., Dioji, V. C.,Ifeanyichiukwu, M. O., Onyido, A. E., Irikannu, K. C. and Okwelogu, I. S. (2016). Malaria and hepatitis B co-infection
in Enugwu-Ukwu community, Njikoka Local Government Area, Anambra State. Ewemen Journal of Epidemiology and Clinic Medicine, 2(1): 14-21.
file:///C:/Users/user-1/Downloads/MALARIAANDHEPATITISBVIRUSCO-INFECTIONINENUGWUUKWUCOMMUNITY.pdf.
Dell, R. B., Holleran, S. and Ramakrishnan, R. (2012). Sample size determination. ILAR Journal, 43(4): 207-213. doi: 10.1093/ilar.43.4.207.
Cheesbrough, M. (2005). District laboratory practice in tropical countries. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 239-245. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/district-laboratory-practice-in-tropicalcountries/777AAC879D604058E7EA3F4E15824F88.
Ekejinde, I. M., Okeke, K. E., Akah, B., Okpala, E. Ezeagwuna, D. A. and Onwurah, O. (2011). Malaria and hookworm co-infection among pregnant and non-pregnant women in a semi-urban area in Anambra State, Nigeria. World Journal of Medical Sciences, 5(3): 62-64. https://www.idosi.org/wjms/6(1)11/5.pdf.
Houmson, R. S., Amuta, E. U. Sar, T. T. and Adie, A. A. (2012). Malaria infection in pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Gboko, Benue State, Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research, 2: 1-4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287658748_Malaria_infection_in_pregnant_women_attending_antenantal_clinics_in_Gboko_Benue_State_Nigeria.
Oluboyo, B., Ugochukwu, V., Oluboyo, A., Chwukwuma, G., Ogenyi, S. and Onyemelukwe, A. (2014). Prevalence of 205 Nigerian Journal of Parasitology hepatitis B and C virus infections in pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Nnewi, Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, 10(3):
- 1859. fil e :///C:/Us e rs/ u s e r1/Downloads/PREVALENCEOFHEPATITISBANDCVIRALINFECTIONSINPREGNANTWOMEN.pdf.
Centre for Disease Control andPrevalence (2014). Malaria parasites. Available at https://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx, accessed on May 8th, 2018.
Mor, G. and Ingrid Cardenas, I. (2010). The Immune System in Pregnancy: AUnique Complexity. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 63(6): 425–433. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00836.x.
Elfaki, A. M. H., Eldour, A. A. A.h and Elsheik, N. M. H. (2008). Seroprevalence of immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C and syphilis among blood donors at El Obeid Teaching Hospital, West Sudan. Sudan Medi cal Sc i enc e , 3(4): 333-338. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/sjms/articl
e/view/38555.
Anderson, A. C. and Hodges, G. R. (1983). Hepatitis B: Perception, knowledge, and vaccine acceptance among high risk health care workers. America Journal of Infection Control, 11: 207-211. DOI: 10.1016/0196-6553(83)90001-9.
Odusanya, O., Alufohia, F., Meurice, F., Wellens, R., Well, J. and Ahonkai, V.(2005). Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen in vaccinated children and controls in rural Nigeria. International Journal of Infections Distribution, 9(3): 139-143. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2004.06.009.
Alikor, E. A. and Erhabor, O. N. (2007). Seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigenemia in children in a tertiary health institution in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. Nigerian Medical Journal, 16(3): 250-251. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18080589/.
Dawaki, S. S. and Kawo A. J. (2006). Seroprevalence of hepatitis B in pregnant women attending an urban maternity hospital in Kano, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Microbiology, 20: 705-709. DOI:10.4236/aid.2021.112020.
Barcus, M. J., Hien T. T. and White, N. J. (2002). Short report: hepatitis B infection and severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Vietnamese adults. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 66(2): 140-142.https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2002.66.140.
Scotto. G., Fazio, V. and Lo Muzio, L.(2019). Co-infection HBV and malaria: a striking association. Infez Medicine, 27(1): 3-10.
https://www.infezmed.it/media/journal/Vol_27_1_2019_1.pdf.
Kolawole, O. M. and Kana, S. N. (2018). Hepatitis B virus and malaria co-infection causing significant changes in haematological and liver function indices in a cohort of subjects in Ilorin, Nigeria. International Journal of Infection, 5(3): e81528. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/iji.81528.
Ozougwu, J. C., Obimba, K. C., Obiukwu, C. E. and Elom, M. O. (2015). Studies of the effects of malaria parasites on haematological profile of pregnant malarious women. World Journal of Medical Sciences, 12(4): 383-386. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjms.2015.12.4.96248.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Nigerian Journal of Parasitology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
