Efficacy of artesunate and praziquantel combination on the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among children in Abua/Odual Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria

http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v40i1.11

Authors

  • C. O. Ezenwaka Department of Biology, Federal University Otuoke, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
  • S. O. Nzeako Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, P.M. B. 5323, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria

Keywords:

geometric mean egg count, proteinuria, haematuria, Artesunate, Urinary schistosomiasis

Abstract

A study to evaluate the efficacy of artesunate and praziquantel on urinary schistosomiasis was conducted in children between ages of 5-19 years in some communities in Abua/Odual Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. A total of three hundred and two (302) individuals who gave consent were assessed for the disease using the concentration technique. 55(18.21%) infected individuals were exposed to the drugs in various regimens; Artessunate (4mg/kg x 3 times daily = 12mg/kg); Praziquantel (single oral dose of 40mg/kg) and Artesunate + Praziquantel combination (single oral dose of 40mg/kg + 4mg/kg x 3 times daily = 12mg/kg). A 40(74.43%) reduction in the geometric egg count (eggs/ 1ml of urine) was recorded in the study with Artesunate single oral dose recording 11(64.70) cure, Praziquantel; 15(88.24) and the Artesunate + Praziquantel Combination; 14 (82.35). The three drug regimens variably reduced the clinical symptoms; heamaturia and proteinuria in the infected children. Sex and age of the children did not influence efficaciousness of the drugs. Praziquantel was more efficacious followed by the Artesunate + Praziquantel regimen. Arsunate single dose can substitute effectively for the chemotherapy of urinary schistosomiasis in endemic malarious regions of Nigeria. The study had revealed Artesunate as a cost effective intervention in the control of urinary schistosomiasis in the sampled areas of Abua/ Odua LGA of Rivers State.

Purchase

         Views | Download: 73 / 0

References

Agi, P.I. 1995. Vesical schistosomiasis at Odau Village in Ahoada Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria. West African Journal of Medicine, 14 (1): 6-10.

Chitsulo, L., D., Engels, A. Montresor, and Savioli, L. 2000. The global status of schistosomiasis and its control. Acta Trop., 77:41-51.

Anosike, J. C., Oguwuike, U. T.,Nwoke, B. E. B., Asor, J. E., Ikpeama, C. A., Nwosu, D. C. and Ogbusu, F.I. 2006. Studies on vesical schistosomiasis among rural Ezza farmers in the southwestern border of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Annals of Agric. and Environmental Medicine,

: 13-19.

Ekpo, F.U., Akintunde, Laja-Deile, Oluwole, A. S., SamWobo, S. O. and Mafiana, C. F. 2010. Urinary schistosomiasis among pre-school children in a rural community near Abeokuta, Nigeria; Parasites and Vectors, 3: 58: 1-6.

El-Harvey, M. A., Amr, M. M., Abel-Rahman, A. B., ElIbiary, S. A., Agina, A. M., Abdel-Engels, D., Chitsulo, L., Montresor, A. and Savioli, L. 2002. The global epidemiological situation of schistosomiasis, and new approaches to control and research. Acta Tropica, 82:139-146.

Eze, N. C. E., Nzeako, S. O. and Amadi, E. C. 2010. Current status of malaria and urban schistosomiasis infections in the Mammy Market Free Zone of the 34 Field Artillery Brigade in Obinze, Owerri., Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 30(2).

Fenwick, A., Rollinson, D. and Southgate, V. 2006. Implementation of human schistosomiasis control: Challenges and Prospects. Advances in Parasitology, 61: 567-622.

Obureke, J. U., Arene, F. O. I. and Ufodike, E. B. C. 1987. Occurrence and habitat preferences of freshwater snails of the Rivers State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Applied Fisheries and Hydrobiology, 2: 39- 43.

Ofoezie, I. E., Imevbore, A. M. A., Balogun, M.O., Ogunkoya, O.O. and Asaolu, S.O. 1991. A study of an outbreak of schistosomiasis in two resettlement communities near Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. J. Helminth., 65: 95-105.

Nwaorgu, O. C. and Anigbo, E. U. 1992. The diagnostic value of haematuria and proteinuria in Schistosoma haematobium infection in southern Nigeria. Journal of Helminthology, 66: 177-185.

Montresor, A., Crompton, D. W. T., Bundy, D. A. P.and Savioli, L. 1998. Guideline for the evaluation of soil transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis at community level. World Health Organization, Geneva.

Rey, L. 2001. Schistosoma haematobium esquistossomiasis. In: Parasitologia MÄdica, 3rd Ed., Atheneu, Sáa Paulo, 444-454.

Sturrock, R. F.2001. Schistosomiasis epidemiology and control: How did we get here and where should we go? MemÅrias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Suppl., 96: 17-27.

Tropical Disease Research (TDR) 2001. Handbook on quality standard in biomedical research. Fifteenth Programme Report of the UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, 172 pp.

Pugh, R. N. and Teesdale, C. H. 1983. Single dose oral treatment in urinary schistosomiasis: a double blind trial. British Medical Journal, 286 (6363): 429-432.

Okon, O., Obi, A. and Opara, K. 2010. The efficacy of artesunate in the treatment of urinary schistosomiasis in Ogoja, Cross river state, Nigeria. The Internet Journal of Tropical Medicine, 6(2): 1540-2681.

Okoli, C. G. and Iwuala, M. O. E. 2004. Urinary schistosomiasis in Imo state, Nigeria: A study of its prevalence, intensity and clinical signs in four local government areas. Journal of Helminthology, 78(4): 337-342.

Mott, K. E., Dixon, H., Osei-Tutu, E. and England, E. C. 1983. Relation between intensity of Schistosoma haematobium infection and clinical haematuria and proteinuria. Lancet, 1(8332), 1005-1008.

Borrmann, S., Szlezak, N., Faucher, J. F., Matsiegui, P. B., Neubauer, R., Binder, R. K., Lell, B. and Kreemsener, P. G. 2001. Artesunate and praziquantel for the treatment of Schistosoma haematobium infections: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 184: 1363-1366.

Brindley, P.J. 1994. Drug resistance to schistosomicides and other antihelminthics of medical significance. Acta tropica; 56: 213-231 Doenhoff, M. J. K. Imani G. and Cioli, D. 2000. Praziquantel and the control of schistosomiasis. Parasitology Today, 16: 364-366.

Inyang-Etoh, P.C., Ejezie, G. C., Useh, M. F.and InyangEtoh,E. C. 2009. Efficacyof combination of praziquantel and artesunate in the treatment of urinary schistosomiasis in Nigeria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 103(1): 38- 44.

Ejezie, G. C. and Okeke, G. C. E. 1987. Chemotherapy in the control of urinary schistosomiasis in Nigeria. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 90: 149-151.

Cioli, D. and Pica-Mattoccia, A. E. L. 2003. Praziquantel. Parasitology Research, 90: 3-9.

King, C. H. and Mahmoud, A. A. 1989. Drugs five years later: Praziquantel. Annals of International Medicine, 110: 290-296.

Renganathan, E. and Cioli, D. 1998. An international initiative on praziquantel use. Parasitology Today, 14: 390-391.

Utzinger, J., Keiser, J., Xiao, S., Tanner, M. and Burton, H. S. 2003. Combination chemotherapy of schistosomiasis in Laboratory Studies and Clinical Trials. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 47(5): 1487- 1495.

Picquet, M., Vercruysse, J., Shaw, D. J. and Diop, M., Ly, A. 1998. Efficacy of Praziquantel against S. mansoni in northern Senegal. Transactions of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 92: 90-93.

De Clercq, D., Vercruysse, J., Kongs, A., Verle, P., Dompnier, J. P. and Faye, P. C. 2002. Efficacy of artesunate and praziquantel in Schistosoma

haematobium infected children. Acta Tropica, 82: 61-66.

Danso-Appiah, A., Utzinger, J., Liu, J., and Olliaro, P. 2008. Drugs for treating urinary schistosomiasis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 16(3).

Udonsi, J. K. 1990. Human community ecology of Urinary Schistosomiasis in relation to snail vector bionomics in the Igwun River, Nigeria. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 41:131-135.

Useh, M. F. and Ejezie, G. C. 1999. School-based schistosomiasis control programs: A comparative study on the prevalence and intensity of urinary schistosomiasis among Nigerian school-age children in and out of school. Transactions of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 93: 1-5.

van der Werf, M. J., de Vlas, S.J., Brooker, S., Looman, C. W. N., Nagelkerke, N. J. D., Habbema, J. D. F.and Engels, D. 2003. Quantification of clinical morbidity associated with schistosome infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Acta Tropica, 86: 125-139.

Weist, P.M. 1996. The Epidemiology and Morbidity of Schistosomiasis. Parasitology Today, 12: 215-220.

World Health Organization. 1991. Basic LaboratoryMethods in Medical Parasitology. WHO, Geneva, pp. 34- 36.

World Health Organization. 1993. The control of schistosomiasis. Second report of the WHO Expert Committee. WHO Technical Report Series, 830: 1-26.

World Health Organization. 1998. Report of the WHO informal consultation on schistosomiasis control.WHO/ CTD/SIP/98.1

Xiao, S. H. and Catto, B. A. 1989. In vitro and in vivo studies of the effect of artemether against Schistosoma mansoni. Antimicrobial Agents of Chemotherapy, 33: 1557-1562.

Ibidapo, C. A., Mafe, M. E. and Awobimpe, O. L. 2005. Comparison of three diagnostic Ihitte Uboma Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 28(2): 90-94.

Lengeler, C., Mshinda, H., Morona, D., De Savinging, D. 1993. Urinary schistosomiasis; testing with urine filtration and reagent sticks for haematuria provides a comparable prevalence estimate. Acta Tropica, 53(1): 39-50.

Ismail, M., Botrol, S., Metwally,A., Williams, S., Farghally, A., Tao, L. F., Day, T. A., and Bennett, J. L. 1999. Resistance to Praziquantel: direct evidence from Schistosoma mansoni isolated from Egyptian villagers. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 60: 932-935.

Cheesbrough, M. 1987. Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries. Vol. 1, 2nd Edn. Tropical Health Technology/Butterworth and Co. Ltd., Cambridgeshire/ Kent, 263pp.

Kahama, A. I., Vennervald, V. I. J., Kombe, Y., Kihara,R.W., Ndzovu, M., Mungai, P. and Ouma, J. H. 1999. Parameters associated with Schistosoma haematobium infection before and after chemotherapy in school children from two villages in Coast province of Kenya. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 4(5): 335- 340.

Chen, M. G. and Mott, K. E. 1989. Progress in assessment of morbidity due to Schistosoma haematobium infection: a review of recent literature. Trop. Dis. Bull., 86: 1-36.

Raso, G., Utzinger, J.K., Silue, K. D., Ouattara, M., Yapi, A., Toty, A., Matthys, B., Vounatsou, P.,Tanner, M., and N’Goran, E. K. 2005. Disparities in parasitic infections, perceived ill health and access to health-care among poorer and less poor school children of rural Cote D’Ivoire. Tropical Medicine and Internal Health, 10(1): 42-57.

Jones, M. K., Bong, S. H., Green, K. M., Holmes, P., Duke, M., Loukas, A. and McManus, D. P. 2008. Correlative and dynamic imaging of the hatching biology of S. japonicum eggs prepared by high pressure freezing. pLos Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2(11): 334.

Chidozie, E. U. and Daniyan S. Y. 2008. Urinary schistosomiasis epidemiological survey of urinary schistosomiasis among children in selected schools: A preliminary study in Minna, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(16): 2773-2776.

Awi-waadu, G. D. B. and Ezenwaka, C. O. 2009. Urinary schistosomiasis in Abua/Odual LGA, Rivers State, Nigeria. African Journal of Applied Zoology and Environmental Biology, 11: 116-123.

Asor, J. E. 1995. Studies on the transmission dynamics of schistosomiasis in Odaul Community in the Niger Delta Area, Nigeria. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Zoology; University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 266pp.

Agi, P. I. and Awi-Waadu, G. D. B. 2008. The status of Schistosoma haematobium infection in Anyu community in the Niger Delta, Nigeria; Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 12(2): 21-24.

Onyirioha, J. N. N. 2000. Epidemiology of schistosomiasis in rural Odual communities in the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria. PhD Thesis. Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Ndyomugyenyi, R. and Minjas, J. N. 2001. Urinary schistosomiasis in school children in Niger Delta Area of Nigeria. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Agi, P. I. and Okafor, E. J. 2005. The epidemiology of schistosoma haematobium in Odau Community in the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 9(3): 37-43.

Okpala, H. O. Agwu, E., Mgba, M. I., Chimezie, R. O., Nwobu, G. O. and Ohihoin, A. A. 2004.

Living Earth Nigeria Foundation [LENF] (2010). Abua/ Odual Local Government Area, Rivers State Development Strategy with 3 Year Action Plan Prepared with funding support from Department for International Development (DFID). Niger Delta Area of Nigeria. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Hammad, T. A., Gabr, N. S., Talaat, M. M., Orieby, A., Shawky, E. and Strickland, G. T. 1997. Haematuria and proteinuria are indicatore of S. haematobium infection. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 57: 363-367.

Okoli, C. G., Anosike J. C. and Iwuala, M. O. E. 2006. Prevalence and distribution of urinary schistosomiasis in Ohaji/Egbema Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria. Journal of American Science, 2(4): 45-48.

Mbanugo, J. I. and Umenzekwe, C. C. 2005. Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among Medicine, 110: 290- 296.

Ogbeide, O., Okojie, O., Wagbatsoma, V. and Isah, E. 1994. Schistosoma haematobium in Nigeria. West African Journal of Medicine, 13: 31-33.

Onyeneho, N. G., Yinkore, P.,Egwuage, J. and Emukah, E. 2010. Perceptions, attitudes and practices on schistosomiasis in Delta State, Nigeria; Tanzania Journal of Health Research, 12(3): 1-13.

Bruun, B. and Aagaard-Hansen, J. 2008. The Social Context of Schistosomiasis and its Control: An Introduction and Annotated Bibliography. WHO/TDR, 213-227.

Published

2019-03-01

How to Cite

Ezenwaka, C. O., & Nzeako, S. O. (2019). Efficacy of artesunate and praziquantel combination on the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among children in Abua/Odual Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v40i1.11. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 40(1), 66–75. Retrieved from https://njpar.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/12

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 6 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.