Serological assay for Trichinella antibodies in slaughtered pigs and predisposing factors to trichinellosis in backyard piggeries in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v41i1.16
Keywords:
Antibodies, ELISA, Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria; trichinella, trichinellosis, predisposing factors, farm managementAbstract
Trichinellosis is a cosmopolitan zoonotic disease that affects a large array of mammals, birds and reptiles caused by the eating of raw or undercooked pork containing Trichinella larvae. In this study, 200 pigs slaughtered at abattoirs and slaughter slabs within Kaduna Metropolis were screened for antibodies to Trichinella excretory-secretory (E/S) antigen using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). An overall prevalence rate of 16% was established. Age of the pigs revealed an association with trichinellosis (p-value=0.001) with juvenile and adult pigs recording prevalence rates of 5% and 11% respectively. Sex of the animals showed no significant association with trichinellosis but the females had a higher prevalence of 9.5% compared to the 6.5% of the males who had a greater odds (O=1.083) compared to the females (O=0.950). The farm management practices: intensive (1%), semi-intensive (2.5%) and extensive (12.5%) recorded a significant relationship with trichinellosis (p-value=0.001). Sources of the pigs whether markets, backyard farms or inheritance was significantly associated with trichinellosis (p-value=0.00) with backyard farm having the highest prevalence of 7%. Poor rodents control program, presence of snakes around and within piggery, feeding of pigs with dead animals and leftovers, lack of knowledge of pork-borne diseases, allowing pigs to scavenge and interaction of the pigs with stray pigs were very important predisposing factors to trichinellosis in pig farms established from this research. The result of this work therefore, is of public health importance because meat and meat products are considered very important sources of daily protein in-take in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria.
References
Pozio, E. and Murrell, K. 2006. Systematics and epidemiology of Trichinella. Volume 63: 367-439.
Atterby, H., Learmount, J., Conyers, C., Zimmer, I., Boonham, N. and Taylor, M. 2009. Development of a real-time PCR assay for the detection of Trichinella spiralis in situ. Veterinary Parasitology, 161(1-2): 92- 98.
Ribicich, M., Gamble, H. R., Bolpe, J., Scialfa, E., Krivokapich, S., Cardillo, N., Betti, A., Holzmann, M. L., Pasqualetti, M., Farina, F. and Rosa, A. 2010. Trichinella infection in wild animals from endemic regions of Argentina. Parasitology Research, 107(2): 377-380. doi:10.1007/s00436-010- 1873-3.
Pozio, E., Hoberg, E., La Rosa, G. and Zarlenga, D.S. 2009. Molecular taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of nematodes belonging to the Trichinella genus. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 9: 606-616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2009.03.003
Mingyuan, L. and Boireau, P. 2002. Trichinellosis in China: Epidemiology and control. Trends in Parasitology, Volume 18, No. 12: 553-556.
Gottstein, B., Pozio, E. and Nockler, K. 2009. Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 22(1): 127- 145. doi:10.1128/CMR.00026-08
Pozio, E. and Zarlenga, D. S. 2005. Recent advances on the taxonomy, systematics and epidemiology of Trichinella. International Journal of Parasitology, 35: 1191-1204.
Murrell, K. D., Lichtenfels, R. J., Zarlenga, D. S. and Pozio, E. 2000. The systematics of the genus Trichinella with a key to species. Veterinary Parasitology, 93: 293-307.
La Rosa, G., Marucci, G. and Pozio, E. 2003. Biochemical analysis of encapsulated and nonencapsulated species of Trichinella (Nematoda, Trichinellidae) from cold- and warm-blooded animals reveals a high genetic divergence in the genus. Parasitology Research, 91: 462-466.
Krivokapich, S. J., Prous, C. L., Gatti, G. M., Confalonieri, V., Molina, V., Matarasso, H. and Guarnera, E. 2008. Molecular evidence for a novel encapsulated genotype of Trichinella from Patagonia, Argentina. Veterinary Parasitology, 156: 234-240.
Krivokapich, S. J., Pozio, E., Gatti, G. M., Prous, C. L., Ribicich, M. and Marucci, G. 2012. Trichinella patagoniensis n. sp. (Nematode), a new encapsulated species infecting carnivorous mammals in South America, International Journal for Parasitology, 42: 903- 910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.07.009
Pozio, E., Foggin, C., Gelanew, T., Marucci, G., Hailu, A. and Rossi, P.2007. Trichinella zimbabwensis in wild reptiles of Zimbabwe and Mozambique and farmed reptiles of Ethiopia. Veterinary Parasitology, 143: 305- 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.08.029
Dupouy-Camet, J. 2009. Presidential address of ICT12 Conference: Trichinella and trichinellosis – A never ending story. Veterinary Parasitology, 159: 194-196.
Pozio, E. 2007. World distribuion of Trichinella spp. infections in animals and humans. Veterinary Parasitology, 149: 3-21.
Dupouy-Camet, J., Kociecka, W., Bruschi, F., BolasFernandez, F. and Pozio, E. 2002. Opinion on the diagnosis and treatment of human trichinellosis. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 3: 1117-1130.
Ojodale, P. I., Umoh, V. J. and Abdullahi, I. O. 2015b. Detection of Trichinella antibodies in slaughtered pigs and risk factors associated with Trichinellosis in pig farms in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. International Journal of Life Science and Medical Research, 5(1): 1-6.
Gamble H. R., Pozio E., Bruschi F., Nockler K., Kapel C. M. and Gajadhar A. A. 2004. International commission on Trichinellosis: ecommendations on the use of serological tests for the detection of Trichinella infection in animals and man. Parasite, 11: 3-13.
Ojodale, P. I., Umoh, V. J. and Abdullahi, I. O. 2015a. Detection of Trichinella antibodies in humans and slaughtered pigs in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Microbiology, 27(1): www.nsm journal.org
https://kdsg.gov.ng/demographics/
ID.vet Innovative Diagnostics 2017. Trichinella indirect multi-species kit for the detection of antibodies directed against Trichinella by indirect ELISA. MontpellierFrance.
Adediran, O. and Uwalaka, E. 2012. Seroprevalence of trichinellosis in pigs slaughtered in Bodija Abbatoir Oyo State, Nigeria. World Journal of Life Science and Medical Research, 2(5): 166-169.
Momoh, H. A. 2012. Seroprevalence of Trichinella species amongst pigs at slaughter in Makurdi, Benue State,Nigeria. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 1149-1152.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2014. Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department. www.fao.org/ag/againfo/ themes/en/meat/backgr_sources.html accessed date: 21st May, 2016.
Attia, R. A., Mahmoud, A. E., Othman, R. M. and Sayed, A. A. 2016. Application of polymerase chain reaction assay for early detection of cell free DNA in mice infected with the migratory larvae of Trichinella spiralis. Journal of Infection and Molecular Biology, Vol 4:1, 9-15.
Akinboade, O. A., Awotoye, A. and Dipeolu, O. O. 1984. Prevalence of trichinosis in pigs in Oyo State of Nigeria. Annales de la Society Belge de Medecine Tropical, 64: 315-318.
Van Knapen, F. 2000. Control of trichinellosis by inspection and farm management practices. Veterinary Parasitology, 93: 385-392.
Gamble, H. R. 2000. Biology and epidemiology of Trichinella. Investigacion Verteneria, 2: 75-76.
Gamble, H. R., Boireau, P. Noeckler, K. and Kapel, C. 2007. Prevention of Trichinella infection in the domestic pig, in Dupoy-Camet and Murrel, K. D. (Ed.), FAO/ WHO/OIE guidelines for the surveillance, management prevention and control of trichinellosis. World Organisation for Animal Health Press Paris, France, 99-108.
Momoh, H. A., Bello, M., Inabo, H., Wada, Y., Adole, E. B., Madaiki, B. D. and Aregbe, E. A. 2013. Prevalence and some risk factors associated with trichinellosis in backyard pig farms in Zaria, Kaduna State. Tropical Animal Health Production, 45(5): 1149-1152.
Gamble, H. R., Brady, R. C., Bulaga, L. L., Berthoud, C. L., Smith, W. G., Detmeiler, L. A., Miller, L. E. and Lautner, E. A. 1999. Veterinary Parasitology, 82(1): 59- 69.
Kingdon, J. 1998. East African Mammals. 1st Ed. New York, New York Academic Press, pp. 45-48.
Mukaratirwa, S., La Grange, L. and Pfukenyi, D. M. 2013. Trichinella infections in animals and humans in sub-Saharan Africa: A review. Acta Tropica, 125: 82-89.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Nigerian Journal of Parasitology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
