Seasonal Transmitting Potential of Malaria Vectors in Six Communities in Ekiti State, Nigeria
https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v42i1.15
Keywords:
Anopheles mosquitoes, Nigeria, transmission, malaria, seasonAbstract
Malaria vectors are found virtually in all communities of Nigeria. Understanding the transmitting potential of these vectors in relationship with the malaria parasite (MP) infection is essential to design a sustainable community base control programme. This study aimed at determining this relationship in six communities in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The communities were randomly selected through a multistage sampling. Blood samples were screened for MP infection among human volunteers during dry and rainy seasons in each community. Adult mosquitoes were collected indoors for twelve months in the communities using light traps. Female Anopheles mosquitoes collected were characterized by Polymerase Chain Reactions and circumsporozoite proteins of the infected mosquitoes were detected by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Prevalence of MP infection, human biting rates (HBR), sporozoite rates and entomological inoculation rates (EIRs) were determined using appropriate formulae. Overall prevalence of MP infection was 26% in dry season and 38% in rainy season (P=0.001). Female Anopheles mosquitoes collected were 428. Strong relationship existed between HBR and MP infection in rainy 2 2 season (R = 0.671) but the relationship was weak (R = 0.209) in dry season. Sporozoites were detected in 2.3% of the female Anopheles mosquitoes collected. EIRs were between 0.100 - 0.252 infective bites/person/night. Transmission of malaria parasites occurred throughout the year particularly during rainy season when there were recorded EIRs. Malaria control interventions will be more appropriate during raining season in this region.
References
Arora, D. R. and Arora, B. 2008. Protozoa. In: Medical Parasitology (2nd edition). CBS publishers, India, p. 67-76.
World Health Organization. 2018. Malaria Fact sheet No94. WHO Retrieved 17 March 2018.
Ndiath, M. O., Mazenot, C., Gaye, A., Konate, L., Bouganali, C., Faye, O. et al. 2011. Methods to collect Anopheles mosquitoes and evaluate malaria transmission: A comparative study in two villages in Senegal. Malaria Journal 10: 270.
Wirtz, R. A. and Burkot, T, R. 1991. Detection of malarial parasites in mosquitoes, In: Harris K. F. editor. Advances in Diseases Vector Research 8: 77–106.
Bangs, M. J., Rusmiarto, S., Gionar, Y. R., Chan, A. S. T., Dave, K. and Ryan, J. R. 2002. Evaluation of a dipstic malaria sporozoite panel assay for detection of naturally infected mosquitoes. Journal of Medical Entomology 39 (2): 324-30.
Olorunniyi, O. F., Idowu, O. A., Idowu, A. B., Pitan, O. R. and Babalola, A. S. 2019. Malaria parasite infection in some periurban and rural communities in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Journal of Advances in Biology and Technology 22 (3): 1-11.
WHO. Overview of malaria treatment. Last Update; 2018.
Kilama, M., Smith, D. L., Hutchinson, R., Kigozi, R., Yeka, A., Lavoy, G. et al. 2014. Estimating the annual entomological inoculation rate for Plasmodium falciparum transmitted by Anopheles gambiaes.l. using three sampling methods in three sites in Uganda. Malaria Journal 13: 111.
Gillies, M. T. and de Meillon, B. 1968. The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region, 2ndedn). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research 54: 1-343.
Rider, M. A., Byrd, B. D., Keating, J., Wesson, D. M. and Cailloue, K. A. 2012. PCR detection of malaria parasites in desiccated Anopheles mosquitoes is uninhibited by storage time and temperature. Malaria Journal 11: 193.
Scott, J. A., Brogdon, W. G., Collins, F. H. 1993. Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction. American Journal Tropical Medicine Hygiene 49: 520- 529.
Koekemoer, L. L., Kamau, L., Hunt, R. H., Coetzee, M. 2002. A cocktail polymerase chain reaction assay to identify members of the Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) group. American Journal Tropical Medicine Hygiene 66: 804-811.
Kabbale, F. G., Anne, M., Akol, A. M., Kaddu, J. B., Matovu, E., Kazibwe, A. et al. 2016. Molecular identification of Anopheles gambiaesensustricto Giles (formerly Anopheles gambiae Savannah Form) in Kamuli District, Uganda. African Journal of Biotechnology 15 (39): 2124-2131.
Fanello, C., Santolamazza, F., della Torre, A. 2002. Simultaneous identification of species and molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae complex by PCR-RFLP. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 16: 461-464.
Wirtz, R. A., Zavala, F., Charoenvit, Y., Campbell, G. H. and Burkot, T. R. 1987. Comparative testing of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite monoclonal antibodies for ELISA development. Bulletin of World Health Organization 65: 39-45.
Williams, J. 2012. Malaria Transmission Indices and Factors Affecting Transmission. In: Training Manual on Malaria Entomology for Entomology and Vector Control Technicians (Basic Level). Produced for United States Agency for International Development, USA, p. 48-51.
Shaukat,A. M., Breman, J. G. and Mckenzie, F. E. 2010. Using the entomological inoculation rate to assess the impact of vector control on malaria parasite transmission and elimination. Malaria Journal 9: 122.
Okonko, I. O., Soleye, F. A., Amusan, T. A., Ogun, A. A. and Udeze, A. O. 2009. Prevalence of malaria plasmodium in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology 5: 113-118.
Minakawa, N., Sonye, G., Mogi, M., Githeko, A. and Yan, G. 2002. The effects of climatic factors on the dis¬tribution and abundance of malaria vectors in Kenya. Journal of Medical Entomology 39: 833- 841.
Darkoh, E. L., Larbi, J. A. and Lawer, E. A. 2017. A weather-based prediction model of malaria prevalence in Amenfi West District, Ghana. Malaria Research and Treatment Article ID 7820454: 1- 8.
Awolola, T. S., Ibrahim, K., Okorie, T., Hunt, R. H. and Coetzee, M. 2003. Species composition and biting activities of anthropophilic Anopheles mosquitoes and their role in malaria transmission in a holoendemic area in sou¬th-western Nigeria. African Entomology 11: 78-82.
Afrane, Y. A., Githeko, A. K. and Yan, G. 2012. The ecology of Anopheles mosquitoes under climate change: case studies from the effects of deforestation in East African highlands. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1249 (1): 204–210.
Olayemi, I. K., Ande, A. T., Ayanwale, A. V., Mohammed, A. Z., Bello, I. M., Idris, B. et al. 2011. Seasonal trends in epidemiological and entomological profiles of malaria transmission in North Central Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science 14 (4): 293-299.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Nigerian Journal of Parasitology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
